Brake failure, driver school delivery hit students, how to define the responsibility? The court ruled!

On the way back to the classroom after class exercises.

The driver injured a student in school because the brakes were out of control.

Who should be responsible for drivers and schools?

recent days

The Ziyang District Court of Yiyang City, Hunan Province heard this case.

Cases involving campus safety

Please see this case ~

The picture comes from the network.

In February, 2022, when Li delivered the goods to a vocational school in Yiyang by car and returned to the downhill section of the campus, he lost control of the brakes and collided with 17-year-old Song, who was on his way back to the classroom after class exercises, causing Song to be injured. Later, Song was sent to the hospital for treatment, and the medical expenses were 34,176.29 yuan. After identification, Song’s right medial and lateral ankle fracture line involved the epiphysis, which was a grade 10 disability; Multiple fractures of the right foot cause complete destruction of the arch structure of the right foot, which is a grade 9 disability.

Afterwards, Song sued a vocational school, Li and the vehicle insurance company driven by Li to the court, demanding compensation for medical expenses, follow-up treatment fees, hospitalization food subsidies and other losses totaling 296,673 yuan.

After trial, the court held that citizens’ right to life and health was protected by law. If another person infringes upon a citizen’s personal rights due to his fault, he shall bear civil liability for compensation. The vehicle involved in the accident is owned by Li and has been insured with compulsory motor vehicle traffic accident liability insurance. According to Article 43 of the Regulations on Compulsory Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident Liability Insurance, for Song’s loss, the insurance company shall be liable for compensation within the limit of compulsory motor vehicle traffic accident liability insurance, and the rest shall be liable for compensation according to the degree of fault of all parties.

In this case, when driving on campus, Li should ensure the safety of pedestrians, especially on downhill roads, and pay attention to avoiding pedestrians. Li injured Song, who was returning to the classroom because of brake failure, and his fault was the root cause of the accident, and he should bear all the responsibility for the accident; A vocational school failed to fulfill the corresponding obligation of prompting and supervising the vehicles coming to the school. During the dissolution of recess exercise, it should try to avoid the traffic of vehicles on campus, thus inferring that a vocational school failed to fulfill its management responsibilities, and according to the provisions of Article 1201 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), it was determined that the school should bear 30% of the supplementary liability for compensation.

Based on the above situation, the court ruled that the insurance company compensated Song for medical expenses, follow-up treatment expenses, hospital food subsidies, nursing expenses and other losses of 180,000 yuan within 10 days from the effective date of the judgment; Li compensated Song for medical expenses, follow-up treatment expenses, hospital food subsidies, nursing expenses and other losses of 81,536.99 yuan within 10 days from the effective date of this judgment; A vocational school shall bear the supplementary compensation liability within the range of 24,461.09 yuan when Li can’t pay off the above sum. After the school bears the above supplementary compensation liability, it has the right to recover from Li.

01

The accident happened in a closed campus. Is it a road traffic accident?

This case is a dispute over damages caused by an accident when a vehicle passes outside the road. If a motor vehicle is damaged by a traffic accident, it shall be liable for compensation in accordance with the relevant provisions of the road traffic safety law. Article 77 of the Road Traffic Safety Law of the People’s Republic of China stipulates that accidents that occur when vehicles pass outside the road shall be handled with reference to the relevant provisions of the Road Traffic Safety Law. Article 25 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in the Trial of Road Traffic Accident Damage Compensation Cases stipulates that the provisions of this Interpretation may be applied with reference to damage compensation cases caused by motor vehicles passing outside roads. In this case, Song was injured by a motor vehicle in a non-road traffic accident on campus, and his personal injury compensation can be handled in accordance with the above-mentioned legal provisions.

02

Who will bear the responsibility for the traffic accident on the way to delivery?

According to the provisions of Article 1191 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), if a student suffers personal injury from an off-campus person while he is at school, the infringer shall bear the responsibility. If the staff of the employing unit causes damage to others due to the execution of work tasks, the employing unit shall bear the tort liability. In this case, a maintenance service co., Ltd. contracted the maintenance and cleaning project of the drainage ditch and septic tank in the male and female dormitory of the school. Li, an outsider in this case, is not a worker or employee of the company, but a deliveryman. Because of his fault, he should bear all the responsibilities.

03

Does the school take responsibility for the accident on campus?

According to Article 1201 of the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China (PRC), if a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct suffers personal injury from a third person outside the kindergarten, school or other educational institution during his study and life, the third person shall bear the tort liability; Kindergartens, schools or other educational institutions that fail to fulfill their management responsibilities shall bear corresponding supplementary responsibilities. Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Measures for Handling Student Injury Accidents stipulates that if the school safety management system has obvious omissions or management confusion and fails to take timely measures to cause student injury, the school shall bear corresponding responsibilities according to law.

At the time of the incident, Song was a person with limited capacity. During the dissolution of the class exercise, when Li was driving on campus, the school did not have managers to stop reminding him. It can be seen that the school’s safety management was negligent and did not do its due management duties, which caused Song’s personal injury accident. If the school is at fault, it should bear corresponding supplementary responsibilities. After the school assumes the supplementary responsibility, it can recover from Li.

In addition, students are injured from time to time due to construction on campus. During construction, the school should not only educate students about safety, but also make necessary control over related work, always reminding them to pay attention to the safety of teachers and students and create a safe campus environment.

Original title: "Brake failure, driver school delivery hits students, how to define the responsibility? The court ruled! 》

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Significantly cutting prices and entering the China market may not save Tesla FSD.

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After announcing the layoffs, Tesla continued to "take the medicine", this time with FSD(Full-Self Driving).

 

According to overseas reports, Tesla officially adjusted the buyout price of FSD from $12,000 to $8,000, and the price reduction was converted into about RMB 27,400.In addition to lowering the buyout price of the package, Tesla simultaneously lowered the monthly subscription price of FSD in North 700 yuan (Canada and the United States), from the past $199 to $99, which is equivalent to saving RMB every month.

 

Tesla’s move is obviously an extension of Musk’s dissatisfaction with the FSD option rate. Just as China automakers are keen on price wars, Tesla also realizes that "price" is also the core factor that affects users’ acceptance of FSD in overseas markets. On the other hand, Musk mentioned that FSD "may enter the China market soon" when replying to the user’s message-the impact of this move can not be underestimated for improving the coverage of FSD.

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At present, Tesla has sold more than 5.5 million vehicles in history, and nearly 2 million vehicles have been sold in North America alone. However, the coverage of FSD is not ideal. The data in January 2023 showed that the number of subscribers in North America was 400,000, and the penetration rate was close to 25%.

 

The problem is that a considerable part of this is the first "hardcore powder" that supports Tesla, probably because the pricing is too high. The data shows that the probability of new car buyers choosing FSD will be reduced to 2% in 2023. Obviously, this is the reason why Musk is worried.

 

Therefore, in order to expand the coverage of FSD, it is imperative to reduce prices and open up new markets. However, it is hard to say whether entering the China market can expand the mass base of FSD. On the other hand, the strategy of attracting consumers to buy Tesla trams through intelligent driving may not work in the China market.

 

 

From today’s point of view, Tesla’s main sales models, such as Model 3/Y/X/S, don’t seem to have many advantages. Nowadays, pure electric vehicles have been running everywhere, and most of the places where Tesla trams were leading in the past are no longer leading. If it weren’t for the accumulated user reputation and brand awareness, Tesla’s global sales may be even less optimistic.

 

In other words, Tesla’s achievements in the past are largely due to "extraordinary technology", and among many new technologies, FSD is undoubtedly the most subversive. To put it simply, the leading edge of FSD is embodied in "underlying technology" and "comprehensive experience".

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"The underlying technology" means that Tesla FSD can almost be regarded as the technical vane of global intelligent driving. Now most of the intelligent driving technologies we know are started by FSD.

 

For example, the combination of "BEV+Transformer+OCC", which is considered as the core of the new generation of intelligent driving technology, was almost all started by Tesla, and the technical base of BEV+Transformer was unveiled at Tesla AI Day in 2021, which solved the problem of "how to realize environmental awareness without relying on high-precision maps" in the industry. At present, almost all car companies’ intelligent driving technology is based on this scheme, and as the originator and staunch supporter of the "pure visual intelligent driving" technical scheme, Tesla’s related research also points out the direction for the industry.

 

In 2023, Tesla launched the V12 Beta version of FSD, which brought the long-rumored "end-to-end" technology. According to Musk, FSD with "end-to-end" technology uses AI big model to deal with all intermediate links in the process of intelligent driving from perception to execution, which greatly improves the reliability of the system and saves "millions of lines of code", making the industry a big surprise.

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Then, the intelligent driving head enterprises including Tucki announced to follow up the "end-to-end" technical scheme, and institutions including Guangzhou Automobile Research Institute also began to explore the true value of end-to-end technology for intelligent driving ability, which quite stirred up a thousand waves.

 

On the level of "comprehensive experience", FSD can provide full-scene pilot-assisted driving and high-order automatic parking experience just like the domestic intelligent driving scheme in the case of "complete body". Musk also used FSD live on "X" (Twitter), even before looking for Zuckerberg’s offline shelf, he drove FSD in the past, and took over at 0 in the whole process.

 

It can be seen that FSD is the best intelligent driving system in theory from both technical and experience levels, and it is also the benchmark of all intelligent driving systems from a global perspective.In that era of "I have no one", I believe that the technological advantages including FSD are the main reason why consumers are willing to be "mice" to try Tesla.

 

Therefore, the price reduction this time and the intention to enter the China market all reflect Tesla’s refocusing on FSD, that is, the core technology. In contrast, the price adjustment is irrelevant. Only in the China market, we have our own "far ahead" intelligent driving technology, and the true level of Tesla FSD is unknown. Moreover, the big price reduction of Tesla FSD in China market has not been synchronized, and the price of 60,000 yuan is believed to be difficult to attract new users.

 

 

In terms of absolute technical height, Tesla FSD can still keep ahead with Dojo supercomputing system and "end-to-end" technology, but it needs to be emphasized that smart driving is a technology that needs to be strongly combined with local actual scenes, that is to say, even if FSD performs well in the United States, it is impossible to translate it to China market.

 

Take Huawei ADS 2.0, the first echelon in China, and XNGP in Tucki for example, they have been able to achieve pilot-assisted driving in mixed scenes covering the whole country, and have been optimized in characteristic scenes. For example, both of the above are optimized for unexpected situations such as pedestrian crossing and ghost probes. At the same time, Huawei ADS 2.0 also emphasizes the AEB active safety capability in different speed domains, and the detection range has also expanded from the front to four directions, which can better prevent pedestrians or non-motor vehicles that don’t know where to come from.

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Therefore, if Tesla’s FSD really wants to enter China, it must also consider directional optimization for the road conditions in the middle, otherwise it will come to a crossroads full of two-wheeled electric vehicles, and even the smart FSD may be down.From another point of view, even if the intelligent driving ability of local enterprises in China is not the best in the underlying technology, they can still optimize their functions by understanding the local road conditions, and finally even surpass FSD in actual experience.

 

There are also various factors that pose a competitive threat to FSD. Unlike consumers in overseas markets, there are almost only Tesla FSD to choose from, and there are many options for products that experience close to Tesla FSD in China market. In this way, even if Tesla FSD can really enter the China market as Musk said, it may not attract potential users to choose Tesla electric vehicles, not to mention that the optional price of the FSD is still high.

 

Tesla only comes standard with the basic version of AP(AutoPoilot) for its electric vehicles, and only has basic functions such as LCC, AEB and BSD. If you want to upgrade to an enhanced version of AP(EAP) that supports high-speed NOA, ALA and APA functions, you need to spend 32,000 yuan to choose. Although FSD is not yet open in China, consumers can "pre-order", of course, the cost is not low, and it needs 64,000 yuan.

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Assuming that the price of FSD will be adjusted in line with that of North China after the formal opening of the market, and it will be reduced by one third, then the optional price of FSD will still need 42,000 yuan, which is still on the high side compared with the optional price of high-end intelligent driving in China market. For example, the optional price of Huawei ADS 2.0 on individual models is 15,000 yuan, and the optional price of BYD Tengshi N7 is also 15,000 yuan. At the same time, when buying a new car, there are often optional discounts, ranging from 5,000 yuan to more direct relief.

 

Since the experience can’t be absolutely leading, what reason do consumers have to spend a lot of money to choose Tesla FSD?

 

In addition, the domestic market has also seen a trend of popularization of smart driving and continuous cost reduction. A few days ago, DJI Chenghang Platform launched a solution that claimed that it could realize full-scene intelligent driving at a cost of 7,000 yuan. On April 22nd, Baidu Apollo team also released a low-cost intelligent driving solution ANP3 Pro. Although the cost is not as low as that of DJI Chenghang, it is still attractive for most car companies to realize full-scene intelligent driving at a cost of 10,000 yuan.

 

All indications are that the popularity of smart driving in the China market is very fast, and the mystery has long faded. The involution of the China market is far beyond Tesla’s imagination. If FSD enters the China market without change, I believe it will be difficult to make too much splash.

 

 

On the eve of the Beijing Auto Show, Tesla announced that it would continue to adjust the price in the China market. The starting price of the new version of Model 3 Huan dropped to 231,900 yuan, and the price of Model Y once again entered less than 250,000 yuan. However, the effect brought by the price reduction this time is not as ideal as expected. Sun Shaojun 09, a car blogger who knows more about the sales channels, said that "the effect is relatively average". If the price reduction can’t stimulate the growth of orders, Tesla will really fall into crisis.

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The respect for the "first principle" runs through Musk’s entire career. Now, analyzing the problems that Tesla has in the products, we might as well return to the "first principle".

 

Why did Tesla sweep the world and become the representative of pure electric vehicles? I think it is mainly in two aspects.

 

First of all, Tesla showed the world that pure electric vehicles are "far ahead" in the basic experience.For example, "horsepower equality" and some intelligent functions can not be provided by fuel vehicles in the past, or they need to be experienced at a very high price. Therefore, for electric vehicles, the higher the motor power, the better, and the higher and stronger the voltage platform. Only when the basic experience can make consumers feel "far ahead" will they be willing to buy electric vehicles.

 

Unfortunately, Model 3 was a product eight years ago, and Model Y has been sold for five years. Its performance indicators have become unremarkable in the global market. Except BMS system is still leading, both battery life performance and charging performance are surpassed by competitors.

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Secondly, the leading experience brought by FSD has obviously changed consumers’ imagination of "cars".They never imagined that the car could really control its own speed, change lanes independently, avoid pedestrians and avoid risks, and finally send people to their destination … The leading technology is Tesla’s core competitiveness from beginning to end.

 

A thousand words can be summed up in one sentence. When Tesla is no longer determined to forge ahead and pursue the ultimate technological advantage, then the decline in sales will become inevitable. As the backbone of Tesla and even the "soul figure", the biggest problem may still lie in Musk:If it can put enough energy back into Tesla and technical research, make up its mind to reform the internal unreasonable system and truly return to the thinking of "first principle", I believe Tesla’s recovery will come very quickly.

For example, the adjustment of FSD price this time comes from Musk’s insight and direct inspiration on business issues, but no one knows whether the drama of "the emperor is wise" will still appear and whether it will remain correct and effective all the time.

Beijing international automotive exhibition (Beijing Auto Show) will be held grandly from April 25th to May 4th. The theme of this auto show is "New era, new car", which is the weather vane of "cars moving from electrification to intelligence".

By then, head brands including BYD, Xiaomi, AITO Wenjie, Tucki, Weilai, Ideality, Extreme Krypton, Extreme Yue and Chang ‘an Deep Blue will all appear. In addition to the "big competition" of new models, the promotion of autonomous driving technology, the evolution of intelligent cockpit and the combination of AI model and automobile will all be important highlights. The account Tramway, which is owned by Lei Technology and is "concerned about electric vehicles and more intelligent", will send a report group to Beijing for first-line professional reports, so please pay attention.

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Set more goals: By January next year, the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old will reach 90%.

  The "Notice on Further Optimizing the Implementation of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Measures" previously issued by the the State Council Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism mentioned that Covid-19 vaccination for the elderly should be accelerated, with a focus on improving 60-mdash; The vaccination rate of 79-year-old people, accelerate the vaccination rate of people aged 80 and over, and make special arrangements.

  The Paper noted that many places have set goals around Covid-19 vaccination for the elderly: by the end of this year or January next year, the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old will reach 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

  Among them, the Office of Epidemic Prevention and Control Headquarters in Yexian County, Henan Province issued the "Notice on Further Accelerating the Vaccination Work for the Elderly in Covid-19" on December 9, saying that all units should make full use of big data means and combine the "knocking on the door" to conduct door-to-door verification, accurately find out the base of the target population over 60 years old, establish the target population ledger, mobilize one by one, and cancel the number one by one.

  According to the circular, by the end of January 2023, the coverage rate of the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old will reach 90%, and the coverage rate of the whole process and the enhanced immunization coverage rate of eligible target population will reach 90%. The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

  The epidemic prevention and control headquarters of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, said that before January 20, 2023, the first dose vaccination rate of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old in the city will reach 90%; The whole vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population reached 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

  On December 8, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province held a video dispatching meeting on the preparation of medical resources for epidemic prevention and control in the whole state. The meeting called for continuous optimization of various service measures, maximum convenience and security for the elderly, and full promotion of COVID-19 vaccination for the elderly. Strive to reach 90% in the first dose of Covid-19 vaccine for people aged 80 and above before December 28th, and 90% in the whole process and enhanced immunization for eligible target population; The full vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%.

  Emergency headquarters, an epidemic in Xuanhan County, Sichuan Province, mobilized on December 12, saying that COVID-19 vaccination is the best protection for the elderly. Please check the vaccination records of the elderly at home and take their elders to get vaccinated. According to its introduction, before the end of January 2023, the first dose vaccination rate of Covid-19 vaccine for people over 80 years old reached over 90%; The full-course vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 have reached more than 95%.

  In addition, the leading group for epidemic prevention and control in Wenshui County, Shanxi Province informed that all towns and villages insisted on taking all the connections and doing a good job of mapping and inoculation according to the permanent population. Accelerate the increase in the vaccination rate of people over 80 years old and continue to increase the vaccination rate of people aged 60-79. By the end of January, 2023, the full vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population aged 60-79 reached 95%. The first dose vaccination rate of people over 80 years old reached 90%, and the whole vaccination rate and enhanced immunization rate of eligible target population reached 90%.

  Compared with other age groups, the basic immunization and enhanced vaccination rates of the elderly in China are low. According to the data from the National Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, as of November 28, the number of people over 60 years old who were fully vaccinated accounted for 86.42% of the elderly population, while the number of people over 80 years old was only 65.8% of the population over 80 years old.

Review the Classics | The Creative Talk: "Jia Baoyu" Ouyang Fenqiang’s Story of A Dream of Red Mansions

1905 movie network news Editor’s Note: The premiere of "Revisiting Classics" Channel — — The 87 th edition not only received enthusiastic response when it was broadcast, but also became a classic in the minds of several generations after years of precipitation. The actor of "Jia Baoyu" in the play, from the insecure candidate, to the mature actor and then to the behind-the-scenes director, has also taken the initiative to shoulder a public welfare identity in recent years — — Cultural communicator of A Dream of Red Mansions.


Recently, the China Television Arts Committee specially invited Ouyang Fenqiang, the director, to be interviewed, reviewing the birth of the classic character "Jia Baoyu" and talking about the anecdotes behind the scenes.


Q: When did you first get involved in acting?


A: I started filming when I was 12 years old. At that time, there was a literary propaganda team and a story team in the Children’s Palace, and I told stories in the story team. When the teacher took us on a lecture tour to various schools, I was seen by the literary director in sctv, so I was invited to tell a story at the TV station, and then I was seen by the director of Emei Film Studio, so I went to the film studio to make a film in 1976. The first film I made was Spring Tide, which was based on a novel by Sichuan writer Ke Fei. I played the son of a widow, and this was my first time in film and television.


At the beginning of 1977, Chengdu Sichuan Opera Troupe rehearsed Yang Kaihui’s Sichuan Opera "Die Lian Hua" and needed an actor to play Mao Anying. The troupe didn’t have a child of twelve or thirteen years old, so others recommended that there was a child in a certain school. He used to tell stories well, but later he went to make a movie. Let’s call him and have a try. At that time, seven or eight children were called to audition. Of course, there was no suspense later. I won’t have to go to school. I will attend rehearsals during the day and perform at night. At that time, the teachers of the troupe liked me better, so as a special talent, I was directly recruited to the Sichuan Troupe as a professional actor. When I arrived at Sichuan Opera Troupe, the film studio came to me whenever there was a role of a child. The Sichuan Opera Troupe said that you might as well transfer him directly to the film studio, so I transferred to the film studio to be a full-time film actor when I was about 16 years old, but at that time I was a walk-on and played some small roles. Later, sctv filmed the first TV series "Yang Xiaoliang" and asked me to play Yang Xiaoliang, a young man who was unemployed. Then I met A Dream of Red Mansions.



Q: How did you get the role of Jia Baoyu?


A: When the crew of A Dream of Red Mansions was doing the first class in Yuanmingyuan, they had not yet chosen an actor to play Jia Baoyu.


The director was determined to find a boy to play Jia Baoyu. The audience of Jia Baoyu accepts girls to play, which is a convention from the aesthetic point of view. However, director Wang Fulin thinks that if you get a girl to play, no matter how good you look, there are still traces of acting, so I hope it will still be played by boys, at least his version of A Dream of Red Mansions is played by boys. But the image of Jia Baoyu is really special. He is a boy, he is a lovely boy, and he is a lovely boy with a face full of powder, so it is not easy to find. Mr. Wu Zuguang, the consultant of the crew, said that if you are looking for a boy to play Jia Baoyu in China, this Jia Baoyu has not yet been born. However, director Wang Fulin insisted on his own creative ideas, so Jia Baoyu was not in the first class, and he was still looking everywhere in the country.



Many people recommended me to go. Zhang Yuping and Gao Hongliang, whom I worked with in the first class, were all recommended to the director and deputy director. Wang Dao didn’t take it to heart at first, because children recommended children, which was not very convincing. At this time, Wang Dao will go to Emei Mountain to find the stone under the green ridge peak, just to Chengdu. Accompanying him to Chengdu, she was already booked to play Wang Xifeng. She is from Sichuan Theatre, so she found out the address and came to our house to find me. But when I was away, she left me a note saying that Wang Fulin, the director of the TV series Dream of Red Mansions, wanted to see you, and asked me to meet Wang Fulin in Room 305 of Jinjiang Hotel at 10: 00 the next morning. It happened that I had to go out with the film crew the next day, so I didn’t have time. And I thought, how could this opportunity fall on my head? I didn’t even plan to go. Later, my dad told me, go there, maybe this is an opportunity. I listened to my dad and rode a broken bike to Jinjiang Hotel after 10 pm. Wang Dao hasn’t rested yet. When he heard it was me, he said he had an appointment for tomorrow morning. I said I’m going to shoot tomorrow. Then I chatted with him. He asked me if I had played any plays, and I said what I had played. At that time, Yang Xiaoliang was broadcast on CCTV.


Then he said that we have selected more than 20 Jia Baoyu from all over the country, and we want to try the lens in Beijing. Can you come too? I said I didn’t have time to come. Because I thought to myself, it can’t be me. Don’t bother. Besides, I don’t have time to go while filming on the set. Later, Wang Dao said, well, you come by plane. Because in those days, flying was important, and the average actor couldn’t fly. As soon as I heard that someone invited me to fly, I managed to eat and drink, and I had never been to Beijing, so I decided to go and play. I came to Beijing with this mentality. I also prepared a passage the night before the audition. I recited the words of Baodai Reading the West Chamber about twice. When we arrived at the scene that day, 25 people each went up to perform. After the test, I had to rush back to Chengdu. The crew said there was no air ticket. At that time, there was only one flight a day, so it was difficult to buy air tickets. I said I couldn’t. I had to go back to filming. Two hours later, the crew said you should go, and we settled a first-class ticket for you. I was even more shocked. At that time, bureau-level cadres were eligible to fly first class. How could they be so friendly to me? Is it still interesting to me? I took this question and went home to film.


The crew sent a letter of business transfer soon, without informing me. It was public to public. At that time, we were filming in the mountains, and the telephone was disconnected, which was not as developed as communication now. So at that time, people all over the country knew that I was going to play Baoyu, but I didn’t know. CCTV has already spread the story about who was decided by Jia Baoyu in A Dream of Red Mansions, and all the four official media at that time published the news and all my photos, but I don’t know in the mountains. Not long after I returned to Chengdu and entered the house, there was a loud knock on the door, and I opened it and saw that seven or eight reporters had stuck in our house to interview me, saying that you were playing Jia Baoyu. I said I just tried the lens, don’t talk nonsense. They said it was all in the newspaper. The next day, I rode my bike back to the Eying Actors Troupe and asked our head. I said, what happened to the head? Why did the reporter come to interview me? What did he say? The regiment said, it’s really settled. You should hurry to Beijing.


That’s how I got to Beijing. At this time, the second class was already halfway through.



Q: Is the process of integrating into the role smooth?


A: Because I joined late, I didn’t take part in the lectures, piano, chess, calligraphy and painting given by the experts in the first class, so I was under great pressure. They are all very familiar with each other, so I am so nervous that I can’t let go. At that time, everyone’s role was decided. In the study class, everyone mainly prepared clips and sketches according to their own roles, and reported them to the director group and those mature teachers every once in a while. The teachers would also advise you on how to perform. There is also reading books by yourself and reading the original Dream of Red Mansions. How could I understand A Dream of Red Mansions at that time? It was a gobbledygook. So the pressure is very high.


Director Wang Fulin said one day, you are old-fashioned with a hand on your back every day, which is like a perverse and lovely Jia Baoyu? You look like a Taoist Xu that Jia Zheng likes. He said this was not the way to do it, so later he had a meeting with the whole cast, especially the cast, and announced at the meeting that I would not be allowed to read novels or write any desk work. Because of the great psychological pressure, you can’t enter the state and relax. How to relax? Your task is to play pranks every day, and to fool a person every day. You can fool whoever you want, but just don’t read books, and you can go to the girl’s bed and have a fight. In fact, he used this method to integrate you into a group and relax your whole body and mind. Therefore, I think director Wang Fulin is very methodical, very grounded to inspire actors to enter the role.


The next step was the shooting process. At that time, I was still under pressure, and I couldn’t wait for the director to replace me. The first scene I shot was that Qin Keqing was sick in bed, and Wang Xifeng took Baoyu to visit the sick. I was so nervous that I didn’t fall asleep all night. I guess I should quit my job after the scene was filmed. That’s the feeling. After the performance, I quickly paid attention to the director’s expression, saw the director smiling and nodding frequently, and then consulted everyone around. What about Baoyu? Everyone said yes, yes, good, good. From his expression, I felt that he was quite satisfied. His satisfaction really opened my heart, and the stone fell forever. So if you go further back, you can do whatever you want.



Q: Looking back on the cooperation with director Wang Fulin, what are your feelings?


A: The director said something harsh about me. When Baoyu told Daiyu the story of mouse essence in Xiaoxiang Pavilion, there were many lines, all of which were Jia Baoyu’s words. I didn’t prepare them carefully and didn’t memorize them. When shooting, I forgot the words when I thought about it, and I forgot the words when I thought about it. The performance was not vivid at all. Wang Dao was in a hurry, so he said a few harsh words and scolded me for not being prepared seriously. He said that in such an interesting scene, you are such an important role. If you want to ruin the scene, you will ruin it. Our efforts and painstaking efforts for several years will be in vain. You can’t act like this. The story of mouse essence should be very happy, naughty and perverse, and it is vivid. Now you are reciting an eight-part essay, not telling a story, so you criticize me. From then on, I never dared not recite words, including later becoming a director myself. I also told many actors that reciting lines is a basic artistic virtue. Whether your play is good or not, you have to memorize the words first to match the word actor.



Wang Dao cultivated virtually every character in the play. Today, people say "A Dream of Red Mansions" and these characters. In fact, how did we know "A Dream of Red Mansions" at that time? I think there is only one actor among us who really understands and loves A Dream of Red Mansions. Many of us didn’t understand A Dream of Red Mansions, but a blank sheet of paper was given to the director, who drew every character he wanted on it.


Looking back now, he was under great pressure. In the process of writing A Dream of Red Mansions, he faced the crisis of being almost replaced many times. At that time, there were very different views on him. I thought he couldn’t shoot it, saying that the TV series "Dream of Red Mansions" had been shot badly. You see, many amateur actors, shoe repairers in leather shoes factories, salespeople in department stores and telephone operators in people’s communes are used. Who are they? How can they shoot A Dream of Red Mansions well? A bunch of children don’t know how to shoot A Dream of Red Mansions? In fact, this voice has been accompanied by Wang Dao, and I don’t believe that Wang Dao can shoot successfully. Therefore, in the process of filming A Dream of Red Mansions, Wang Fulin always looked at him with countless pairs of questioning and suspicious eyes. He was working on A Dream of Red Mansions under such great pressure, so Hu Zehong, who played Cherish Spring at that time, gave him a nickname called Lonely Little Boy. He is lonely under this pressure, but his prime minister can punt in his stomach. I think he is very tolerant and a director with general style.


He is actually Wang Dadan. He dares to think what others dare not think and do what others dare not do. Who dare to use a group of children who have no acting experience and don’t understand A Dream of Red Mansions to play A Dream of Red Mansions? He dares. Who dares to play Jia Baoyu with boys? He dares. Wang Liping was under great pressure to make music at that time, because in everyone’s impression, Wang Liping composed music with pop music. How can classical masterpieces use pop music? He dares to shoot this board. Including makeup artists and dressers, many of them are the first time to do it, and he dares to use it. According to him, I would rather use someone who is dedicated than someone who is experienced but not dedicated. Of course, this play has also made these people. So I think Wang Dao is really a great TV director who should be recorded in the history of the development of China TV series.


Q: What were the shooting conditions of the crew at that time? How do you overcome and balance all kinds of difficulties?


A: There was no meat to eat at that time. We live in a guest house of a vegetable company opposite Nancaiyuan (now Grand View Garden), a big bungalow with a canteen. The meals of the crew are often all Chinese cabbage, vermicelli and tofu, and no meat is seen. When we were young, we wanted to eat meat. What should we do? I went to the mall to buy instant noodles and lunch meat in bulk, and processed them by myself in the electric stove at night. Without vegetables, Chinese cabbages in vegetable companies are frozen on the side of the road in winter. In the evening, I took several actors from the cast, such as Gao Hongliang and Ma Guangru who played Gary, to get cabbages. Because the crew’s food was standard, and at that time every sum of money had to be audited, completely according to the standard. One day, the crew asked Chen Xiaoxu and I to go to the city to find a leader, saying that we were hungry and had no meat. In the evening, secretary and district head of Xuanwu District … … The leaders all came to the site to work, and the district paid subsidies so that the dolls could eat meat.


Although the conditions were difficult, everyone kept improving in the whole creative process. I remember that the props used at that time were all real. We shot the location in the West Lake in Hangzhou, and all the other scenes were finished, so we couldn’t shoot Baodai Reading the West Chamber because the peach blossoms didn’t bloom. It was already spring in March, but the flowers couldn’t bloom that year because of the rain and low temperature. I also joked to the director that fake flowers could be used, but I couldn’t see them anyway. The director ignored me. The whole crew stayed in Hangzhou for several days, just to wait until the peach blossoms opened before filming this scene. Therefore, although the crew has no money, Wang Dao is very strict about the quality.


I shot that scene of "A vast expanse of whiteness is really clean", that is, the scene where Baoyu finally disappeared in the snow. It was shot on the same day as Deng Jie’s "Smart and Tired" (Wang Xifeng was buried in the snow with a broken straw mat), and we both experienced minus 25 degrees and heavy snow. Because the song "Smart and Tired" is very long, Deng Jie was dragged in the snow, and the picture had to match the song, so we couldn’t stop. Wearing little clothes, it was MINUS 25 degrees, and when I finally put her in the car, the whole person almost fainted.


Hardship is hardship, but we always strive for perfection in creation.



Q: What influence did A Dream of Red Mansions have on your later life?


A: After filming, everyone will go their separate ways, and those who should go back to the factory will go back to the factory. Director Wang Fulin told me that you played A Dream of Red Mansions and Jia Baoyu, and you will not find it enjoyable to play any role in the future, because the play is too big. I said, then I’ll be a director behind the scenes. Later, the leaders of CCTV wrote a letter directly to the leaders of sctv, recommending me to go to sctv. So I transferred the TV station from the film factory at that time, and all the relationships were transferred in five days, without any obstacles.



Q: What do you think of the significance of the establishment of the "Revisiting Classics" channel?


A: I think it’s a good thing to show the importance and care for the classics with practical actions. For those of us who have participated in classic creation, it is a support of spiritual strength.


In 2017, A Dream of Red Mansions was broadcast for 30 years, and the commemorative activities were organized by me. I begged for money everywhere. At that time, the idea was that anyone who was a member of the Red Mansion crew could come and have a real party, including the voice actor, and I also managed to eat and travel. Not only the crew will come, but also I will gather the red fans from all over the country. Later, some actors came back from abroad at their own expense, and they didn’t want me to give money, but also found their own hotels. On the morning of the event, I held a meeting with fans in the Botanical Garden and performed in the Great Hall of the People in the evening. It was hard to get a ticket for more than 5,000 seats. As soon as the curtain opened, there was a cry on stage and off stage. After the whole performance that day, everyone left. My wife and daughter and I walked out of the Great Hall of the People. It was drizzling outside, and the three of us were sitting on the steps of the Great Hall of the People. I was in tears at that time.


I have been doing activities to promote A Dream of Red Mansions since 2017, including entering universities, middle schools and primary schools, and some activities to promote A Dream of Red Mansions in cooperation with the government. I feel that although I am not a researcher of A Dream of Red Mansions, I can at least be a communicator. There are various ways and means to spread A Dream of Red Mansions, including the spread of radio dramas, dance dramas and ballet. Then I spread the stories behind the scenes of the 87th edition of A Dream of Red Mansions, which is also a kind of communication. The purpose is to make more people pay attention to, like and understand A Dream of Red Mansions. So I think that "reviewing the classics" is a spiritual power.



Q: When you retire, are there any messages for young TV artists?


A: I retired on March 5th this year. I have been in film for 48 years and worked for 46 years. I have experienced the development and prosperity of China TV series. When I was just engaged in the performance of TV series, China TV series had not yet formed its own mature style. I watched the TV series step by step towards glory, and later formed its own TV drama aesthetics. I think I have no message for young people, and I have to learn from many young art forms, keep pace with the times, follow the pace of the times, feel the context of the times, and continue to seek.


Oral guest: Ouyang Fenqiang

Invited interview and arrangement: Lin Hui (oral history expert of China Communication University)

Planning: Li Xuan, Zhao Cong


Provisions on the Administration of Advertising Release and Registration

Decree No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce

  The Regulations on the Administration of Advertising Publication and Registration, which was deliberated and adopted at the executive meeting of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of December 1, 2016. 

Director Zhang Mao

November 1, 2016

Provisions on the Administration of Advertising Release and Registration

(Promulgated by Order No.89 of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 1, 2016)

  Article 1 These Provisions are formulated in accordance with the Advertising Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Advertising Law), the Administrative Licensing Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and other laws and administrative regulations in order to strengthen the supervision and management of advertising activities and standardize the registration of advertising.

  Article 2 A radio station, television station, newspaper publishing unit (hereinafter referred to as advertising publishing unit) that engages in advertising publishing business shall apply to the local administrative department for industry and commerce at or above the county level for registration of advertising publishing.

  Article 3 The State Administration for Industry and Commerce shall be in charge of the supervision and administration of the publication and registration of advertisements nationwide.

  The local administrative departments for industry and commerce at or above the county level shall be responsible for the publication and registration of advertisements and related supervision and management within their respective jurisdictions.

  Article 4 To register advertisements, the following conditions shall be met:

  (1) Having the qualification of a legal person; A newspaper publishing unit that does not have the legal person qualification shall apply for the registration of advertising release by its organizer with the legal person qualification;

  (2) Having an organization specialized in advertising business;

  (3) Having advertising practitioners and advertising examiners who are familiar with advertising laws and regulations;

  (4) Having a place and equipment suitable for advertising.

  Article 5 To apply for advertising registration, the following materials shall be submitted to the administrative department for industry and commerce:

  (1) Application Form for Advertising Publication and Registration;

  (2) Relevant media approval documents: radio stations and television stations shall submit the License for Radio and Television Broadcasting Organizations and the License for Radio and Television Channels; newspaper publishing units shall submit the License for Newspaper Publishing and periodical publishing units shall submit the License for Periodical Publishing;

  (3) Certification documents of legal person qualification;

  (4) The certification documents of the advertising agency and the appointment documents of the person in charge;

  (5) Certification documents of advertising practitioners and advertising examiners;

  (6) Certificate of use of the place.

  The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, within five working days from the date of accepting the application, make a decision on whether to approve the registration. If registration is granted, the decision to grant registration shall be announced to the public; If the registration is not granted, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

  Article 6 Advertising publishing units shall use their own broadcasting frequencies, TV channels, newspapers and periodicals to publish advertisements.

  Article 7 The term of validity of advertisement publishing registration shall be consistent with the term of validity of the approval documents submitted by the advertisement publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of Article 5, paragraph 1, item 2 of these Provisions.

  Article 8 In case of any change in the registered items of advertising, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for registration of change within 30 days from the date of the change.

  To apply for changing the registration of advertising release, an Application Form for Changing the Registration of Advertising Release and supporting documents related to the change shall be submitted.

  The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether to approve the change within five working days from the date of accepting the application for change. If the change is approved, the decision to approve the change shall be announced to the public; If it is not changed, the reasons shall be explained in writing.

  Article 9 Under any of the following circumstances, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for cancellation of registration in time:

  (1) The validity period of the advertisement publishing registration expires and the advertisement publishing unit has not applied for extension;

  (two) the legal person qualification of the advertising publishing unit is terminated according to law;

  (3) The registration of advertisement release is revoked or revoked according to law;

  (four) the advertising publishing unit does not meet the conditions stipulated in Article 4 of these Provisions due to changes in circumstances;

  (five) the advertising unit stops engaging in advertising;

  (six) other circumstances in which the registration of advertising should be cancelled according to law.

  Article 10 Where it is necessary to extend the registration of advertisement release upon the expiration of the validity period, the advertising publishing unit shall apply to the administrative department for industry and commerce for extension 30 days before the expiration of the validity period. The administrative department for industry and commerce shall make a decision on whether or not to approve the extension before the expiration of the validity period of the advertisement release registration. If the extension is granted, the decision to grant the extension shall be announced to the public; If it is not extended, the reasons shall be explained in writing; If no decision is made within the time limit, it shall be deemed to be granted.

  Eleventh advertising units shall establish and improve the system of registration, audit, file management, statistical reports and other advertising business.

  Article 12 An advertising publishing unit shall, in accordance with the requirements of the advertising statistical report system, fill in the Advertising Statistical Report on time through the advertising statistical system and submit the advertising operation of the previous year to the administrative department for industry and commerce.

  Article 13 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions, supervise and manage the advertising publishing units within its jurisdiction in the form of spot checks. Spot checks include:

  (a) whether to engage in advertising activities in accordance with the registration items of advertising;

  (2) Information on advertising practitioners and advertising censors;

  (3) The establishment and implementation of basic management systems such as registration, audit, file management and statistical reports for advertising business;

  (four) whether to submit the "advertising statistical report" in accordance with the provisions;

  (five) other matters that need to be checked.

  Article 14 Where the administrative department for industry and commerce revokes the registration of advertising release of an advertising publishing unit in accordance with the provisions of the Advertising Law, it shall notify the administrative department for industry and commerce that has registered the advertising release of the advertising publishing unit within 10 days from the date of making the decision.

  Fifteenth radio stations, television stations, newspapers and periodicals publishing units engaged in advertising business without registration, the administrative department for Industry and Commerce shall investigate and deal with it in accordance with the provisions of Article 60 of the Advertising Law.

  Anyone who obtains the registration of advertisement release by cheating, bribery or other improper means shall be revoked by the administrative department for industry and commerce according to law and be fined between 10,000 yuan and 30,000 yuan.

  If the registered items of advertising release change, and the advertising release unit fails to handle the change registration according to the regulations, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall order it to change within a time limit; If the registration of change has not been handled within the time limit, a fine of not less than ten thousand yuan but not more than thirty thousand yuan shall be imposed.

  If the advertising publishing unit fails to submit the Statistical Report of Advertising Industry as required, it shall be given a warning by the administrative department for industry and commerce and ordered to make corrections; Refuses to correct, a fine of ten thousand yuan.

  Article 16 The administrative department for industry and commerce shall announce the registration information of advertisement release, such as approval of advertisement release registration, change registration and cancellation registration, to the public through its portal website or government public service platform. If it cannot be announced through the above channels, it shall be announced to the public through newspapers and other mass media.

  The advertising registration information and administrative punishment information of an enterprise shall be publicized to the public according to law through the enterprise credit information publicity system.

  Article 17 These Measures shall come into force as of December 1, 2016. The Measures for the Administration of Advertising Business License promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on November 30, 2004 shall be abolished at the same time.

Internet 30 years and 30 things | Short video industry 20 years, from giant competition to national entertainment.

Open column language

In April, 1994, China fully accessed the Internet and became the 77th member of the international Internet family. This year is the 30th year of China’s full-featured access to the Internet, and it is also an important node of "half a child".

In just 30 years of development, there are many "things" worth remembering. In the past 30 years, the Internet in China has grown from scratch, from small to large, from large to strong, and many objects, applications or platforms have been born. The value of the above objects or applications is not only in business, but also a kind of feeling, which embodies people’s long-term memory of life and emotion.

To this end, Beijing News Shell Finance and China Internet Development Foundation China Positive Energy Network Communication Special Fund launched the topic "Internet 30 Years and 30 Things". I hope that by telling the story of the landmark objects, applications or platforms in the history of Internet development in China, I can outline the evolution of Internet in China in the past 30 years and see where it will go in the future.

A network cable 30 years ago connected China to the world. Nowadays, the Internet is half-baked and China is in the ascendant after the "Internet".


Art leader andy warhol said, "Everyone can be famous in 15 minutes" and "Everyone can be famous for 15 minutes". However, in the era of short video, it takes only 15 seconds for a person to become famous.

After nearly 20 years of development, the short video industry has experienced the evolution from the micro-film era to the mobile era, and then to the national era. It is generally judged in the industry that more and more short video platforms will begin to diversify, taking into account a variety of content and forms of expression; Industry players tend to be more concentrated, relying on the support of giants, and realizing the integration of Lian Heng through capital and resources. As a form of content expression and distribution, short video will be more and more integrated into various super applications. At the same time, with the strengthening of supervision and technological progress, the short video industry will also usher in a more compliant and broad development.

microfilm

In 2005, with the improvement of network speed and bandwidth, as well as the popularity of personal computers (PCs) and video recorders, the Internet began to enter the video era from the graphic era. Tudou, Thunder, VeryCD (electric donkey download) and other companies have been established.

It was also at the end of this year that an animator named Hu Ge edited the film "The Promise" into a short film "A Bloody Case Caused by a Steamed Bread" and detonated the network. The download volume even beat the original film "The Promise", which was considered as the embryonic form of a micro-movie. Micro-movies promote the grassroots of short videos, and inadvertently cultivate the awareness of netizens using fragmented time to shoot, make, upload and watch.

Established in 2006, Six Rooms introduced Hugo and launched his follow-up works, which brought huge traffic. With the gradual formation of video sharing atmosphere, Six Rooms, Tudou, Youku, Kuliuwang, etc. have stood in the ranks of domestic first-line video sharing websites.

Initially, these video websites were positioned as platforms for uploading and publishing original videos, which is quite similar to the concept of short video platforms today. However, at that time, user habits were still in the cultivation period, and shooting equipment and uploading costs were expensive. In 2010, Iqiyi, Youku and other players brought copyrighted content and capital into the market, and the wave of mobile Internet hit. At that time, the PC-side video sharing website was closed down or changed hands, and the six rooms gradually turned to the direction of performing arts live broadcast.

watershed

2016 can be said to be a "watershed" in the short video industry, and ByteDance’s entry is a landmark event. Before ByteDance announced "All-in Short Video", the number of short video platforms was close to 400, and Aauto Quicker, Second Shot, Watermelon Video, American Shot, Volcano Video, Tudou and other platforms quickly emerged and rushed into the first camp. They either seize the first-Mover advantage of segmentation and quickly accumulate a huge user base, or rely on Internet traffic giants.

Han Kun, one of the founders of Kuliu.com, and Zhang Hongyu, one of the founders of PPS, have been working hard in the field of short video for a long time. After Kuliu.com was acquired by Shanda.com, Han Kun founded a technology company in 2012, which is the parent company of Second Shot, xiaokaxiu and Live Broadcast, and entered the mobile video sharing. Zhang Hongyu joined Aiqiyi as PPS was acquired by Aiqiyi, and became an early investor of Second Shot. Secondhand relies on the strategic cooperation and investment relationship with Weibo, and has many stars and opinion leaders under Weibo’s banner. Most of the broadcast traffic is realized in Weibo.

Aauto Quicker was born in 2011. It was originally a tool for making moving pictures. In 2012, it transformed into a short video community and quickly accumulated influence among residents in third-and fourth-tier cities. However, Aauto Quicker said: "Aauto Quicker is not doing short videos or live broadcasts, but just wants to bring the ability of recording and sharing to everyone with technology. This technology can also be in other forms in the future. We hope that everyone can have equal opportunities for communication. "

The beauty shoot emphasizes the beauty function, the positioning is feminine and vertical, and the users are mostly women.

During the Spring Festival of 2014, hundreds of stars, including Lee MinHo, Fan Bingbing and He Jiong, gathered in Microvision to pay New Year’s greetings and broadcast them on TV in turn, which brought a small climax to Microvision: this application, which was launched in 2013, remained in the top five in the App Store for several days, with 45 million daily active users. From New Year’s Eve to the first day of the first year, millions of people released and watched short videos of New Year’s greetings through Microvision, with a total broadcast volume of hundreds of millions of times. Ten months after its launch, Microvision was established as an independent department.

ByteDance’s entry in the second half of 2016 became a watershed in the short video industry. In September 2016, ByteDance founder Zhang Yiming announced "All-in Short Video", and successively launched three short video products, namely watermelon video, volcano video and Tik Tok. According to reports, the three products have different positioning. Tik Tok is mainly a short music video for young people, volcano video is a daily life sharing platform, and watermelon is a mobile short video platform, which uses AI algorithm to push content to users.

With the strong entry of ByteDance, the short video industry has entered a new competitive pattern, and mainstream Internet companies have focused their attention on the short video field, unwilling to miss the new outlet.

The battle of giants

The "war" was first burned on the subsidy. In September 2016, Tencent and ByteDance almost simultaneously proposed their own short video subsidy plans of 1 billion yuan; In the first half of 2017, Baidu and Ali followed up. Baidu announced that it would divide the accumulated content producers into 10 billion yuan, while Ali proposed to support content creation with 2 billion yuan subsidies; In November 2017, Tencent opened its platform with 10 billion yuan of subsidies and resources at its partner conference, focusing on supporting short video entrepreneurship and even opening its own copyrighted content for producers to use; ByteDance’s watermelon video immediately announced that it would pay 2 billion yuan as the creator’s advance production fee.

At the same time as the subsidy, the platform is built. At first, BAT (Baidu, Ali, Tencent) did not set up a separate short video aggregation platform, but chose to add short video functions to their original super applications, and encouraged content providers to settle in various "accounts" to realize "one account settled in" and multi-platform distribution. Tencent’s Penguin is responsible for such functions, and Ali’s Big Fish is responsible for such functions. Baidu, Netease and Sohu have also followed suit to open various distribution accounts.

In the second half of 2017, under the temptation of the powerful broadcast volume and duration of short videos, major Internet companies also launched their own single short video platforms. In November 2017 alone, the short video industry ushered in four new products directly hatched by Internet companies, namely 360′ s "Fast Video", Baidu’s "Good Video", Tencent’s "Microvision" and Weibo’s "Cool Burning". In the first half of 2017, Ali upgraded the acquired Tudou to a short video platform. Tencent emphasizes social relations, Ali focuses on e-commerce, ByteDance plots information distribution, and Internet giants make short videos in their own good directions.

In the field of short video, capital layout has already begun. The second shot was first incorporated by the giants. In July 2013, September 2014, November 2015 and November 2016, Sina Weibo Fund invested in the parent company’s technology for four consecutive rounds, and was the lead investor in at least two rounds. At the critical moment, Weibo took Secondshot as its exclusive short video platform, helping Secondshot win the tough battle with platforms such as Meipai and Xiaoying.

Followed by Aauto Quicker, in March 2017, Aauto Quicker received $350 million in financing, and Tencent led the investment; In its tens of millions of dollars in financing in March 2016, Baidu Investment Department appeared. The veteran player "Mei Pai" belongs to Meitu, a Hong Kong-listed company. Watermelon video, volcano video and Tik Tok are big trees backed by ByteDance.

China’s Internet giants completed the power assembly of the short video sector in early 2018. From the perspective of capital, various short video platforms have embraced the giant’s thighs and "achieved each other" with resources and capital. From the perspective of application attributes, there may be few independent short video platforms in the future, and most of them are integrated into super applications as tools to attract traffic and distribute content.

Move forward in adjustment

By the end of 2019, short video traffic has basically been divided. QuestMobile data shows that as of June 2019, the number of newly installed users in the short video industry was close to 100 million, and the total monthly active users were close to 821 million, basically covering all netizens in China at that time. Among them, ByteDance (Tik Tok, Watermelon and Volcano) ranks first with nearly 600 million monthly activities after weight reduction, while Aauto Quicker ranks second with nearly 350 million monthly activities, followed by Tencent (micro-vision, hot pot) and Baidu (good-looking, all-people) with huge traffic portals.

Many commercial actions have been carried out almost simultaneously, and almost all the means of realizing advertisements, e-commerce, live broadcasts, enterprise numbers and short videos have been opened to content producers this year. Many content entrepreneurs bluntly say that it is precisely because of the "attack" of Tencent Microvision and Baidu’s good-looking videos that Tik Tok and Aauto Quicker are willing to open all these original platforms, such as e-commerce and advertising, to content entrepreneurs, so that they can get more shares in the ecology.

It can be said that short video has become the biggest outlet in the 4G era, and no giant wants to be absent. Although Tencent and Baidu were behind Aauto Quicker and ByteDance at that time, they all hoped to stay at the poker table and wait for the next outlet in the 5G era. Just one year later, "lucky" Tencent and others came to the WeChat video number, while Baidu "hastily" announced at the end of 2020 that it would acquire YY live broadcast under Huanju Group for over 3 billion yuan.

While the short video industry is in sturm und drang, the industry supervision is becoming stricter. In 2018, short video platforms such as Aauto Quicker, Volcano Video, Meipai and Tik Tok were successively ordered to be rectified by relevant departments. At that time, Tik Tok initiated the initiative of all sectors of society to jointly draft the Tik Tok Community Convention on the platform to strengthen self-discipline; At the beginning of 2019, China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association issued "Management Specification for Network Short Video Platform" and "Detailed Rules for Auditing Network Short Video Content" to guide the standardized development of the industry; In 2020, xiaokaxiu and pear videos were successively removed; The year 2021 coincides with the beginning of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and the short video industry is facing the "strongest supervision in history". The China Network Audiovisual Program Service Association issued the Detailed Rules for the Audit Standards of Network Short Video Content, which regulated and restricted the short video content in more detail.

According to the latest data, in 2023, 112,918,700 hours of Internet video programs were added, including 547,462,600 hours of short videos. Internet users watched Internet audio-visual programs (including short videos) for about 3 hours every day, and more than 750 million users uploaded short videos.

It is generally judged in the industry that more and more short video platforms will begin to diversify, taking into account a variety of content and forms of expression; Industry players tend to be more concentrated, relying on the support of giants, and realizing the integration of Lian Heng through capital and resources. As a form of content expression and distribution, short video will be more and more integrated into various super applications. At the same time, with the strengthening of supervision and technological progress, the short video industry will also usher in a more compliant and broad development.

This activity is supported by China Positive Energy Network Communication Special Fund of China Internet Development Foundation.

Beijing News Chief Reporter Bai Jinlei Editor Yue Caizhou Proofread Liu Baoqing.

How to prevent the recent frequent influenza scientifically?

  CCTV News:The Central Meteorological Observatory predicts that from 28th to 30th, affected by a new cold air, there will be strong winds and cool weather in most areas from northwest to southeast. Autumn and winter are the seasons with high incidence of respiratory diseases. How to prevent them scientifically?

  Xiamen, Fujian: The number of outpatients in respiratory department has increased significantly.

  In the past two days, the reporter found in the respiratory clinics of several hospitals in Xiamen, Fujian that many patients were waiting in line for treatment.

  According to doctors, the number of patients with respiratory diseases has increased by about 30% in the past two weeks, and many of them even come from married with children to see a doctor.

  Lian Qingrong, Deputy Director of Pediatrics, Xiamen Hongai Hospital:Patients mainly focus on some diseases of respiratory system, and the most common one is actually acute upper respiratory infection. 

  Beijing: Influenza-like cases increased by 16.69% after the cold wave.

  Let’s look at the colder north. The results of influenza surveillance by Beijing CDC show that from 15th to 21st of this month, there were 11,689 people receiving influenza-like cases in hospitals above the second level in Beijing, an increase of 16.69% compared with the same period last year. Why has it changed so much? Take a look at the weather before this week.

  According to the data of China Weather Network, with the arrival of the two cold waves on November 7 and 22, the temperature fluctuation in this month is much larger than that in the same period of last year. Especially in this cold wave that started on the 7th, the temperature difference in one week is nearly 11℃. It seems that everyone should prevent colds before a new round of cooling.

  Correct distinction: the general symptoms of influenza are obvious, such as high fever and pain.

  Everyone has respiratory symptoms. How can you tell the common cold from the flu? Experts tell us that the most obvious difference is that the most uncomfortable part of patients with common cold is usually the upper respiratory tract, and once they get the flu, the whole body symptoms will be more obvious.

  Li Haichao, Vice President of Peking University First Hospital and Professor of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine:The common cold generally does not have obvious systemic symptoms, that is, runny nose, sneezing, phlegm-blocking symptoms, a lot of runny nose, and then there may be throat discomfort, but the flu will be high fever and body aches are very obvious.

  After the correct distinction is made, how to effectively prevent and treat it? What misunderstandings need to be avoided?

  How to find the flu symptoms as soon as possible?

  Li Haichao, Vice President of Peking University First Hospital and Professor of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine:Now the flu has begun to show signs of epidemic. You may have contacted some people. For example, in such a unit, someone at home has fever symptoms, and then you are infected. At this time, if his infection symptoms are, for example, high fever, chills, even muscle aches and headaches, this is a typical flu performance, which can be basically clarified.

  Experts said that at present, it is in the high season of influenza, coupled with the need for epidemic prevention and control. If there are symptoms such as high fever, it is recommended to seek medical advice as soon as possible to judge the condition.

  You can’t carry the flu hard, especially for key people.

  Because influenza can easily lead to serious complications, people at high risk of influenza, such as the elderly with basic diseases and children with weak immunity, should pay special attention.

  Hu Shaoming, Deputy Chief Physician of Jialian Street Community Health Service Center, Xiamen City, Fujian Province:Patients with chronic diseases and low immunity will have some serious complications, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or gastrointestinal diseases, which will cause some serious organ failure.

  You can’t take medicine blindly to prevent influenza.

  Some people in life often drink cold granules or take other drugs orally after feeling cold or flu symptoms. Experts say that you can’t take medicine blindly to prevent colds.

  Li Haichao, Vice President of Peking University First Hospital and Professor of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine:You are a high-risk influenza patient. Under special circumstances, this group of people can use some preventive drugs appropriately. For example, there are some effective drugs for influenza, such as oseltamivir, which can be used selectively, but this group must be controlled and not generalized.

  To prevent influenza, wearing a mask and frequent ventilation are standard.

  Experts emphasize that vaccination is still the most effective way to prevent influenza. In addition, you should wear a mask and wash your hands frequently. Whether at home, office, school or nursing home, you should always be ventilated.

  Attending physician Cai Jinghuang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University:For example, if a patient with a cold sneezes here, all his cold viruses are in this room. We should ventilate in time to reduce the concentration.

  Li Haichao, Vice President of Peking University First Hospital and Professor of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine:Don’t be overtired, keep warm when the weather changes, don’t gather, and maintain your resistance. You eat well and sleep well, so you are also resistant to the flu virus.

Looking forward to the Spring Festival file 13 cinema managers: 1 billion in the first day, 4.5 billion in 6 days!

Say goodbye to the old Lingji, and welcome the new Swiss dog to report a bumper year. There are still 16 days to celebrate the Spring Festival in 2018, and the lively pre-sale has already opened the curtain of the Spring Festival movie market.


In mid-January, China Film Report WeChat WeChat official account sent a questionnaire for the Spring Festival to more than ten regional managers and managers of friendly cinemas. The questionnaire is divided into four items, and it is estimated that the box office of the Spring Festival in 2018 will be from the first day to the sixth day, the six-day box office on the first day of the New Year’s Day and the Valentine’s Day box office on February 14, as well as the top three movies that individuals want to see most.


On the last day of January, we published the results of the questionnaire. Let’s get to know the Lunar New Year movie market in the eyes of more than a dozen cinema managers.


From the first day to the sixth day, it is predicted that the lowest is 3 billion and the highest is 4.5 billion.


Question1: How much will the box office be during the six-day holiday from the first day (February 16th) to the sixth day (February 21st) of the 2018 Lunar New Year?


Let’s take a look at the box office results from the first three days to the sixth day: 3.13 billion in 2017, 3.05 billion in 2016 and 1.75 billion yuan in 2015.


Among the 13 movie theater managers who responded to our questionnaire, five movie theater managers predicted that the box office results for the first day to the sixth day of the Spring Festival in 2018 were between 3 billion and 3.5 billion yuan, and one of them was 3 billion yuan, which was lower than last year’s 3.13 billion yuan. It seems that there is insufficient confidence in the market.

stage photo


Cha Ning, the general manager of Bona International Cinema East China, who is estimated to be 3.5 billion yuan, believes that the increase will not be particularly large because the box office of the Spring Festival file is heavily tilted to the third, fourth and fifth tier cities, and the cinema volume and reception capacity of these cities are limited.


Hu Yong, the head of Hubei District of Happiness Blue Ocean International Studios, believes that it will exceed last year’s 3.1 billion yuan, and the growth is not obvious. Another reason is that third-party subsidies are not as strong as last year.


Five theater managers estimated that it was between 3.5 billion yuan and 4 billion yuan, and three managers estimated that it was between 4 billion yuan and 4.5 billion yuan.


Qiu Lei, the general manager of Shun Tak Studios Shanghai, conservatively estimated that the figure was more than 3.5 billion yuan, because he was confident in the quality of several films in this year’s Spring Festival, especially "Catch the Demon 2", which had a high reputation and a high box office as the previous film. As the second film, it is the welfare of fans to show two films in the Spring Festival at the same time.

Stills of "Detective Chinatown 2"


Liu Yunhui, the general manager of Guangzhou Zhongying Phoenix Studios, estimated that the number of screens increased by 600 million yuan compared with the same period of last year. Besides the increase in the number of screens and the high quality of the four major films, he also put forward two viewpoints: the audience’s viewing atmosphere and habits are better than that of the same period of last year, especially when the films bring more new viewing faces, and the Spring Festival family reunion will gradually form the entertainment way for the whole family to watch movies, bringing more topics before and after tea; The 2018 Spring Festival movies cover audiences of all ages, and "Catch the Demon 2" is a family fun, with strong IP and can drive the story of the girl country in the eyes of different ages, which is quite Wolf Warriors 2 temperament, showing the country’s prosperity and bringing its own aura.


Operation Red Sea stills


Lin Jinbin, the general manager of Dongguan East Wing International Studios, who gave a figure of 4 billion, predicted that there would be about 3 billion yuan in the next five days after the "one billion plus" on the first day.


Cao Gang, director of market operation of Shanghai United Cinema Line, who gave a forecast of more than 4.5 billion yuan, speculated that "there were 45,000 screens in the same period last year and more than 52,000 screens this year, and the box office is expected to increase by more than 30% year-on-year."

Go. "

13 cinema managers’ prediction of six-day box office from grade one to grade six


Will the "one billion plus" on New Year’s Day hit a new high at the box office in a single day?


Question2: How much will the box office be on the first day of the Spring Festival in 2018 (February 16th)?


In 2017, 2016 and 2015, the box office exceeded 800 million yuan, 650 million yuan and 330 million yuan respectively.


For the box office forecast of the New Year’s Day in 2018, three theater managers predicted that it would be below 1 billion yuan, five managers predicted that it would be around 1 billion yuan, and five managers predicted that it would be above 1 billion yuan.


Wang Zheng, the marketing manager of Jinyi Studios Beijing Chaoyang Joy City Store, which is estimated to be 700 million yuan, believes that the forecast is 100 million less than that of the same day last year because there are no films and 2D films on New Year’s Eve.


Pang Zheng, manager of Lumiere Studios’ Tantian Street Store, which is also on Chaoyang North Road in Beijing, is more optimistic about the first film market. "As far as the current pre-sale analysis is concerned, the number of times released by" Catch the Demon 2 "is full under the influence of ticket compensation. The overall box office should exceed 1 billion yuan. "


Cha Ning, general manager of Bona International Cinema in East China, also thinks that the first day will exceed 1 billion yuan. She added that the price limit of several blockbusters has increased this year.


Cao Gang, director of market operation of Shanghai United Cinema Line, said, "The pre-sale has exceeded 50 million three weeks in advance, and the daily box office is estimated to increase by 20% year-on-year."

13 cinema managers’ prediction of single-day box office on New Year’s Day


Can Valentine’s Day the day before New Year’s Eve reach 400 million box office?


Question3: What will be the box office for Valentine’s Day in 2018?


For the box office of Valentine’s Day in 2018, three theater managers predicted that the box office would be within 100 million yuan, three managers predicted that the box office would be between 200 million yuan and 300 million yuan, and seven managers predicted that the box office would be between 400 million yuan and 500 million yuan.


Liu Yunhui, general manager of Guangzhou Zhongying Phoenix Studios, who predicted the box office of 80 million yuan, believes that this year’s Valentine’s Day is the day before New Year’s Eve, and the audience is basically busy with the Spring Festival. At present, there is only one movie "Journey to the West" to watch.

Hu Yong, head of Happiness Blue Ocean International Studios in Hubei, also said that the box office output at this time is mainly in third-and fourth-tier cities, but people are preparing for the New Year, and their attention may decrease on Valentine’s Day.


Qiu Lei, general manager of Dexin Studios Shanghai, analyzed, "Last year’s Valentine’s Day box office was 390 million yuan, and this year it is estimated to be 500 million yuan. Because many enterprises will have an early holiday near the Chinese New Year, Journey to the West will definitely make a major contribution to the box office, because many studios and audiences want to see the quality of Journey to the West, and there are many blockbusters in the Spring Festival. It is also an adventure for Journey to the West to the Girl’s Country to do so. Many studios will increase Journey to the Girl’s Country with good screening effect.

13 cinema managers’ prediction of Valentine’s Day box office


The cinema manager personally wants to see: Catch the Demon 2, Chinatown Detective 2, Operation Red Sea.


Question4: What are the first three movies that people want to see in the following Spring Festival movies (1 Journey to the Daughter’s Country, 2 Detective Cases in Chinatown, 3 Catch the Demon, 4, 5, 6, 7 Operation Red Sea, 8, 9,10 and 11)?


According to the survey, the top three films are: Catch the Demon 2, Detective Chinatown 2, Operation Red Sea.

List of the top three movies that cinema managers want to see most.


Statistics of 12 managers’ voting


The theater regional managers and theater managers who helped China Film Report to complete the questionnaire on WeChat WeChat official account mainly came from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, including a theater marketing manager and a theater manager representative in a fourth-tier city, which are collectively referred to as theater managers for the convenience of writing. Here, I would also like to thank many cinema managers for their participation and cooperation, and wish the major cinemas a new high in revenue during the Spring Festival.


In 2023, the box office of China mainland movies broke 30 billion yuan.

  China News ServiceBeijing, July 14th (Reporter Gao Kai) According to the real-time data of Lighthouse Professional Edition, as of July 14th, the box office (including pre-sales) of China mainland movies in 2023 exceeded 30 billion yuan (RMB, the same below), which was close to the total box office of 30.067 billion yuan in 2022.

  According to the data of Lighthouse Professional Edition, up to now, the top five films at the box office in 2023 are: Man Jiang Hong (4.544 billion yuan), The Wandering Earth (4.029 billion yuan), Disappeared She (3.263 billion yuan), Bear with Me (1.495 billion yuan) and Octagon.

  In addition, Unfamiliar Road of Life, Speed and Passion 10, Unknown, Deep Sea and King of the Sky rank six to ten respectively.

  Since the Spring Festival this year, the domestic film market has shown a rapid recovery trend, and the box office performance of domestic films is particularly prominent. At present, among the top ten films at the box office, domestic films occupy nine of them and occupy the top five seats, which fully shows their dominant position in the cinemas in China.

  Since entering the summer file, domestic films such as Disappeared She, In an Octagonal Cage and Three Wan Li in Chang ‘an have continuously triggered a movie-watching craze here. The data shows that as of the 14th, the box office of this summer file has exceeded 7.8 billion yuan.

  On this basis, in late July, a number of films with box office appeal will be released soon, and the summer file is considered to be very likely to have further bright performance.

  Among them, the comedy "Super Family" produced by Mahua FunAge announced the final file on July 21. As of press time, the number of people who want to see the film in the lighthouse professional edition has exceeded 860,000; Directed by Dapeng and starring Bo Huang and YiBo, the drama "Enthusiasm" is scheduled for July 28th. At present, the number of people who want to see it has reached 610,000. In addition, the huge fantasy costume blockbuster "Feng Shen I" was finalized on July 20, which attracted people’s attention with its all-star cast, mysterious scenes and adaptation of the story of "Feng Shen Romance". At present, the number of people who want to see the index has reached nearly 470,000.

  The industry believes that the monthly box office in July 2023 is expected to break through the 7 billion yuan mark, creating a new box office record in the same month in China’s film history.

How to warn severe cases in COVID-19, and how to use hormones and antibiotics? Village doctors should master these points.

  The Spring Festival is approaching, and the population is flowing in large numbers, so the number of people who work in cities and return home to visit relatives for holidays will increase rapidly. This has also brought severe challenges to the treatment of rural COVID-19.

  "Grassroots medical and health institutions have undertaken a large number of tasks of first diagnosis of patients and classified management of key populations." On January 14th, Nie Chunlei, director of the Department of Primary Health and Health in National Health Commission, said that there was an imbalance in medical resources between urban and rural areas, with obvious differences, and health service resources in rural areas were relatively insufficient. "Grassroots village doctors urgently need to master the knowledge and skills of Covid-19 infection diagnosis, severe early warning and treatment, especially the use of antibiotics, hormones and small molecule drugs, so that patients can be effectively treated."

  On January 11th, the General Practice Branch of Chinese Medical Association, together with several branches, issued the "Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment and Service of Infections in novel coronavirus (First Edition)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Guidelines"), which elaborated on diagnosis, clinical classification, identification, treatment and treatment of severe cases.

  How to warn of moderate and severe diseases?

  "For the grassroots, the evaluation of COVID-19’s diagnosis and clinical typing is more important, and it is also the whole of the diagnosis and treatment strategy." Wu Hao, the correspondent of the Guide and dean of the School of General Practice and Continuing Education of Capital Medical University, said.

  In the evaluation of patients’ clinical typing, Wu Hao said that the majority of grassroots village doctors need to pay special attention, and the evaluation of vital signs can be carried out through a simple "four-piece set" of body temperature, respiration, heart rate and blood pressure; In the measurement of finger oxygen saturation, due to the low outdoor temperature in winter, the village doctor found that the patient’s limbs or skin were cold, and its oxygen saturation value may be less than 93%, but this does not mean that the patient is at risk, and it is necessary to judge by observing whether the lips are purple and dry.

  Imaging examination can be based on chest X-ray or CT. If there is pneumonia in COVID-19, most of it occurs in the lower lungs. If there is no CT in rural medical institutions, you can auscultate whether the patient’s lower lungs are accompanied by wet rales (if there is, CT examination is not necessary); Instead of taking X-ray chest film, you need to pay attention to the patient’s posterior and anterior and lateral films, and sometimes you can see some exudative and inflammatory lesions. Although the X-ray chest film may miss the diagnosis, if the chest film shows pneumonia, the actual situation of the patient will be more serious.

  "What needs to be repeatedly emphasized is the early warning of severe illness." Wu Hao said that the patient’s three situations indicate that it is very dangerous and may progress to severe illness. First, moderate and severe dyspnea occurred, including (meeting one of the following conditions) heart rate greater than 120 beats/min, breathing frequency greater than 30 beats/min, and breathing with an auxiliary ventilator (pay attention if the patient cannot speak a whole sentence during the consultation); Second, the oxygen saturation is lower than 93%; In addition, if the patient has chest pain, falls, changes of consciousness, low blood pressure, decreased urine output, severe vomiting or diarrhea, etc., we should also consider severe warning.

  Zhang Wenhong, director of the Department of Infectious Diseases of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, said during the training that after the implementation of the "Class B and Class B Management" policy, it is crucial for grassroots doctors to master the transformation from Chinese diseases to severe diseases in the process of normalizing COVID-19 treatment. In particular, the clinical classification of patients was adjusted in the "novel coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Trial Tenth Edition)", instead of ordinary type, it was medium. "Light and medium-sized should be treated at the grassroots level. Therefore, the grassroots should prevent medium-sized to heavy-duty, and heavy patients need to be referred in time. "

  Zhang Wenhong said that in the clinical early warning of severe illness, one indicator has changed and it is necessary to be alert to the deterioration of the patient’s condition, that is, the patient is "hypoxic after activity; After slight activity, the oxygen saturation value is less than 94%, which can make the patient walk back and forth in the corridor. If his CRP(C-reactive protein), lactic acid and other indicators are normal, it means that the oxygen saturation value has decreased, which is also a signal of the progress of the disease.

  How to use hormones and antibiotics?

  Is it really effective for rural doctors to use the four-piece set of "antiviral+antibiotic+hormone+antipyretic"?

  Wu Hao explained that, in fact, the elderly people in rural areas were not treated in time after onset, and there was malnutrition. When he went to the clinic for medical treatment, he might be in the acute pneumonia period, and even had a bacterial infection. At this time, the village doctor will give hormone and antibiotic treatment, and the effect will be more obvious.

  Regarding whether antiviral drugs can be used for more than 7 days, Wu Hao said that the time of viremia is usually 7 days. The reason why antiviral drugs are prescribed to be used within 5 days of onset is because the earlier they are used, the greater the benefit, which also takes into account the incubation period of 1 ~ 2 days. "For the elderly and frail patients, the process of virus clearance is slow. At this time, even if the illness lasts for more than 7 days, it will still be effective to continue using antiviral drugs."

  Wu Hao further said that the use of antibiotics should also avoid blindness and should be judged with reference to the patient’s indications. For example, if the patient coughs dry or coughs white sputum, or has less sputum in the early stage, this is a viral infection; If the patient has pus or coughs yellow sputum, it is generally a bacterial infection. If the village doctor doesn’t have the above-mentioned accurate detection means, he can write it all in combination with the patient’s situation, that is, his family members are infected and have flu symptoms, and he also has lung symptoms, which is definitely viral pneumonia, but if his family members don’t have it, it is the possibility of community-acquired pneumonia.

  In order to facilitate the operation of primary doctors, the "Simplified Edition" published on January 4th referred to the "four-step" treatment of COVID-19 at the primary level: general treatment, oral small molecular antiviral drugs, glucocorticoid, oxygen therapy and respiratory support.

  Therefore, Zhang Wenhong emphasized that glucocorticoid should be used with great caution. It is suitable for COVID-19 patients with high-risk factors (older, with medium-sized clinical manifestations and evidence of disease progression). At this time, low-dose and short-term corticosteroids can be given. "Specific usage, you can use dexamethasone or prednisone, 4 ~ 6 tablets a day, eat for 3 days. Within 72 hours, the patient will face a turning point. If the patient gets better quickly, it will be reduced to 2-3 tablets and taken for another 3 days. If it is relieved later, either stop taking the medicine or use another tablet for 3-4 days. If the patient progresses to severe illness, he needs to be hospitalized for observation, and the dosage of hormones can also be increased, and the treatment plan for severe patients can be started later. "

  "On the one hand, an early British clinical study showed that the daily use of 6 mg dexamethasone in large-scale hospitalized patients in COVID-19 can reduce the mortality rate; On the other hand, our team also gives patients low doses of hormones in the early stage of severe illness, which can greatly reduce the intubation rate of patients and reduce the mortality rate. " Zhang Wenhong said.

  The Guide stipulates that glucocorticoid can be used for patients with early onset in the community, such as high-risk factors such as basic diseases and advanced age, or medium-sized patients who need oxygen therapy, after evaluating the contraindications of hormone use.

  Zhang Wenhong said that "prone position ventilation treatment" for COVID-19 patients can be operated regardless of the resources of rural medical institutions, and it is suitable for medium-sized patients with severe high-risk factors and rapid progress. This is also recommended by many respiratory and critical care experts.

  "When the patient is lying on his back, the heart and lungs are under certain pressure, and there will be problems in the proportion of ventilation blood flow. After prone, the pressure on the heart and lungs is reduced, the proportion of ventilation blood flow will be more balanced, and the physiological diseases related to inflammation of patients will also get better. " Li Yingchuan, an expert in critical care medicine and vice president of Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, explained to reporters earlier.